Flesh as Trauma: First Thoughts on the Transhumanist Traumatic view of the Human Body
Publiée 2025-12-07
Comment citer
Téléchargements
(c) Copyright Tópicos, Revista de Filosofía 2025

Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International.
Résumé
In this article, I examine the concept of flesh as a source of trauma through a transhumanist lens. I argue that our embodied existence exposes us to vulnerability and limitations imposed by nature. First, we face the inevitability of diseases, ageing, and death. Second, our physical bodies constrain us from certain activities and lifestyles. I investigate this by presenting a transhumanist perspective, highlighting four conditions of flesh as trauma. In section 3, I propose that embodiment is inherently traumatic, with flesh serving as the origin of existential trauma. I also contend that as long as existential risks persist, trauma will escalate. Sections 4 and 5 explore how trauma endures beyond our biological existence, affecting future posthuman generations. I conclude that while some transhumanist arguments have merit, the notion of flesh as trauma lacks plausibility. However, it gains traction within a discourse fuelled by transhumanist ideology, especially in cultures undergoing rapid technological advancements. This conception of trauma functions as a political and ideological artefact, reflecting discontent with the traditional human condition, particularly in affluent societies.
Mots-clés
- transhumanism,
- posthumanism,
- trauma,
- flesh,
- biopolitics
- embodiment,
- bioethics,
- mortality,
- existential risk,
- human enhancement ...Plus
Références
- Aristotle. (2014). Nicomachean Ethics. R. Crisp (trans.). Cambridge University Press.
- Bernal, J. D. (2018). The World, the Flesh, and the Devil: An Enquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul. Verso Books.
- Borrmann, V. (2023). Reflections on Perspectives of Transhumanism, Buddhist Transhumanism, and Buddhist Modernism on the Self. Nanoethics, 17(13), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11569-023-00445-2
- Bostrom, N. (2003). Human Genetic Enhancements: A Transhumanist Perspective. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 37(4), 493-506. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:INQU.0000019037.67783.d5
- Bostrom, N. (2005). In Defense of Posthuman Dignity. Bioethics, 19(3), 202-214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2005.00437.x
- Bostrom, N. (2008). Letter from Utopia. Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology, 2(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1025
- Bostrom, N. & Savulescu, J. (2009). Introduction. In N. Bostrom & J. Savulescu (eds.), Human Enhancement (pp. 1-22). Oxford University Press.
- Burwell, S., Sample, M., & Racine, E. (2017). Ethical Aspects of Brain Computer Interfaces: A Scoping Review. BMC Medical Ethics, 18(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-017-0220-y
- Dashorst, P., Mooren, T., Kleber, R., de Jong, P., & Huntjens, R. (2019). Intergenerational Consequences of the Holocaust on Offspring Mental Health: A Systematic Review of Associated Factors and Mechanisms. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1654065
- De Grey, A. (2004, December 3). ‘We will be able to live to 1,000’. BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4003063.stm
- Deleuze, G. (1990). The Logic of Sense. M. Lester & C. Stivale (trans.). Columbia University Press.
- Della Mirandola, G. P. (1965). On the Dignity of Man. C. G. Wallis, P. J. W. Miller, & Douglas Carmichael (trans.). Hackett Publishing Company.
- Dvorsky, G. (2008). All Together Now: Developmental and Ethical Considerations for Biologically Uplifting Nonhuman Animals. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 18(1), 129-142.
- Ferrando, F. (2014). The Body. In R. Ranisch & S. Sorgner (eds.), Post- and Transhumanism (pp. 213-226). Peter Lang.
- FM-2030. (1989). Are You a Transhuman? Warner Books.
- Harari, Y. (2014). Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. J. Purcell & H. Watzman (trans.). Harper.
- Hauskeller, M. (2013). Human Nature from a Transhumanist Perspective. Existenz, 8(2), 64-69.
- Hauskeller, M. (2015). A Cure for Humanity: The Transhumanisation of Culture. Trans-Humanities Journal, 8(3), 131-147. https://doi.org/10.1353/trh.2015.0013
- Hauskeller, M. (2016). Mythologies of Transhumanism. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39741-2
- Hirschberger, G. (2018). Collective Trauma and the Social Construction of Meaning. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01441
- Hirschberger, G., Lifshin, U., Seeman, S., Ein-Dor, T., & Pyszczynski, T. (2017). When Criticism is Ineffective: The Case of Historical Trauma and Unsupportive Allies. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 304-319. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2253
- Hughes, J. (2004). Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future. Westview Press.
- Huh, H., Kim, S., Yu, J., & Chae, J. (2014). Childhood Trauma and Adult Interpersonal Relationship Problems in Patients with Depression and Anxiety Disorders. Annals of General Psychiatry, 13(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-014-0026-y
- Kaplan, E. A. (2020). Is Climate-Related Pre-Traumatic Stress Syndrome a Real Condition? American Imago, 77(1), 81-104. https://doi.org/10.1353/aim.2020.0004
- Khoddam, R. (2021). How Trauma Affects the Body. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-addiction-connection/202103/how-trauma-affects-the-body
- Kurzweil, R. (2005). The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. Penguin.
- Martins, H. (2011). Experimentum Humanum. Relógio de Água.
- Mehta, C. (2003). The Philosophy of Trauma. Chir.ag. https://chir.ag/papers/philosophy-trauma.shtml
- Mercer, J., Gaillard, J. C., Crowley, K., Shannon, R., Alexander, B., Day, S. & Becker, J. (2012). Culture and Disaster Risk Reduction: Lessons and Opportunities. Environmental Hazards, 11(2), 74-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2011.609876
- Merleau-Ponty, M. (2012). Phenomenology of Perception. D. A. Landes (trans.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203720714
- Methuselah Foundation. (2023). What We Do? Methuselah Foundation. https://www.mfoundation.org/what-we-do#return-on-mission
- Mill, J. S. (2015). On Liberty, Utilitarianism and Other Essays. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199670802.001.0001
- More, M. (1996). Transhumanism: Towards a Futurist Philosophy. Substack. https://maxmore.substack.com/i/140018110/transhumanism-toward-a-futurist-philosophy-the-essay
- More, M. (1998). The Extropian Principles, v. 3.0. A Transhumanist Declaration. https://mrob.com/pub/religion/extro_prin.html
- Pearce, D. (1995). The Hedonistic Imperative. https://www.hedweb.com/.
- Pedace, K., Balmaceda, T., Lawler, D., Perez, D., & Zeller, M. (2020). Natural Born Transhumans. Revista de Filosofia Aurora, 32(55), 112-131. https://doi.org/10.7213/1980-5934.32.055.DS07
- Philbeck, T. (2014). Ontology. In R. Ranisch & S. Sorgner (eds.), Post- and Transhumanism (pp. 173-183). Peter Lang.
- Pinchevski, A. (2023). Social Media’s Canaries: Content Moderators between Digital Labor and Mediated Trauma. Media, Culture & Society, 45(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221122226
- QUAKE. Lisbon Earthquake Museum (2024, February 12). The Quake Experience. https://lisbonquake.com/en-GB/the-quake-experience
- Sorgner, S. (2022). We Have Always Been Cyborgs: Digital Data, Gene Technologies, and an Ethics of Transhumanism. Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529219203.001.0001
- Stein, R. (2019, December 25). A Young Mississippi Woman’s Journey Through a Pioneering Gene-Editing Experiment. NRP. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/12/25/784395525/a-young-mississippi-womans-journey-through-a-pioneering-gene-editing-experiment
- Strange, D. & Takarangi, M. (2015). Memory Distortion for Traumatic Events: the Role of Mental Imagery. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6(27), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00027
- The Royal Society. (2023, March 6). The lived experience of genetic editing treatment for Sickle Cell disease – Victoria Gray [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ex1hwJBasH0
- Tirosh-Samuelson, H. (2012). Transhumanism as a Secularist Faith. Zygon, 47(4), 710-734. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01288.x
- VandenBos, G. (2015). APA Dictionary of Psychology. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14646-000
- Vita-More, N. (2020). Transhumanist Manifesto [Revised v.4]. https://www.humanityplus.org/the-transhumanist-manifesto
- Weiss, M. (2014). Nature. In R. Ranisch & S. Sorgner (eds.), Post- and Transhumanism (pp. 185-200). Peter Lang.
- Yehuda, R. & Lehrner, A. (2018). Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma Effects: Putative Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 243-257. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20568