No. 74 (2026): Enero-abril
Filosofía en el espacio público

Flesh as Trauma: First Thoughts on the Transhumanist Traumatic view of the Human Body

Jorge Mateus Universidade do Minho

Published 2025-12-07

How to Cite

Mateus, J. (2025). Flesh as Trauma: First Thoughts on the Transhumanist Traumatic view of the Human Body. Tópicos, Revista De Filosofía, 74, 429-462. https://doi.org/10.21555/top.v740.3107

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Abstract

In this article, I examine the concept of flesh as a source of trauma through a transhumanist lens. I argue that our embodied existence exposes us to vulnerability and limitations imposed by nature. First, we face the inevitability of diseases, ageing, and death. Second, our physical bodies constrain us from certain activities and lifestyles. I investigate this by presenting a transhumanist perspective, highlighting four conditions of flesh as trauma. In section 3, I propose that embodiment is inherently traumatic, with flesh serving as the origin of existential trauma. I also contend that as long as existential risks persist, trauma will escalate. Sections 4 and 5 explore how trauma endures beyond our biological existence, affecting future posthuman generations. I conclude that while some transhumanist arguments have merit, the notion of flesh as trauma lacks plausibility. However, it gains traction within a discourse fuelled by transhumanist ideology, especially in cultures undergoing rapid technological advancements. This conception of trauma functions as a political and ideological artefact, reflecting discontent with the traditional human condition, particularly in affluent societies.

Keywords

  • transhumanism,
  • posthumanism,
  • trauma,
  • flesh,
  • biopolitics,
  • embodiment,
  • bioethics,
  • mortality,
  • existential risk,
  • human enhancement
  • ...More
    Less

References

  1. Aristotle. (2014). Nicomachean Ethics. R. Crisp (trans.). Cambridge University Press.
  2. Bernal, J. D. (2018). The World, the Flesh, and the Devil: An Enquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul. Verso Books.
  3. Borrmann, V. (2023). Reflections on Perspectives of Transhumanism, Buddhist Transhumanism, and Buddhist Modernism on the Self. Nanoethics, 17(13), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11569-023-00445-2
  4. Bostrom, N. (2003). Human Genetic Enhancements: A Transhumanist Perspective. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 37(4), 493-506. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:INQU.0000019037.67783.d5
  5. Bostrom, N. (2005). In Defense of Posthuman Dignity. Bioethics, 19(3), 202-214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2005.00437.x
  6. Bostrom, N. (2008). Letter from Utopia. Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology, 2(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.2202/1941-6008.1025
  7. Bostrom, N. & Savulescu, J. (2009). Introduction. In N. Bostrom & J. Savulescu (eds.), Human Enhancement (pp. 1-22). Oxford University Press.
  8. Burwell, S., Sample, M., & Racine, E. (2017). Ethical Aspects of Brain Computer Interfaces: A Scoping Review. BMC Medical Ethics, 18(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-017-0220-y
  9. Dashorst, P., Mooren, T., Kleber, R., de Jong, P., & Huntjens, R. (2019). Intergenerational Consequences of the Holocaust on Offspring Mental Health: A Systematic Review of Associated Factors and Mechanisms. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1654065
  10. De Grey, A. (2004, December 3). ‘We will be able to live to 1,000’. BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4003063.stm
  11. Deleuze, G. (1990). The Logic of Sense. M. Lester & C. Stivale (trans.). Columbia University Press.
  12. Della Mirandola, G. P. (1965). On the Dignity of Man. C. G. Wallis, P. J. W. Miller, & Douglas Carmichael (trans.). Hackett Publishing Company.
  13. Dvorsky, G. (2008). All Together Now: Developmental and Ethical Considerations for Biologically Uplifting Nonhuman Animals. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 18(1), 129-142.
  14. Ferrando, F. (2014). The Body. In R. Ranisch & S. Sorgner (eds.), Post- and Transhumanism (pp. 213-226). Peter Lang.
  15. FM-2030. (1989). Are You a Transhuman? Warner Books.
  16. Harari, Y. (2014). Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. J. Purcell & H. Watzman (trans.). Harper.
  17. Hauskeller, M. (2013). Human Nature from a Transhumanist Perspective. Existenz, 8(2), 64-69.
  18. Hauskeller, M. (2015). A Cure for Humanity: The Transhumanisation of Culture. Trans-Humanities Journal, 8(3), 131-147. https://doi.org/10.1353/trh.2015.0013
  19. Hauskeller, M. (2016). Mythologies of Transhumanism. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39741-2
  20. Hirschberger, G. (2018). Collective Trauma and the Social Construction of Meaning. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01441
  21. Hirschberger, G., Lifshin, U., Seeman, S., Ein-Dor, T., & Pyszczynski, T. (2017). When Criticism is Ineffective: The Case of Historical Trauma and Unsupportive Allies. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 304-319. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2253
  22. Hughes, J. (2004). Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future. Westview Press.
  23. Huh, H., Kim, S., Yu, J., & Chae, J. (2014). Childhood Trauma and Adult Interpersonal Relationship Problems in Patients with Depression and Anxiety Disorders. Annals of General Psychiatry, 13(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-014-0026-y
  24. Kaplan, E. A. (2020). Is Climate-Related Pre-Traumatic Stress Syndrome a Real Condition? American Imago, 77(1), 81-104. https://doi.org/10.1353/aim.2020.0004
  25. Khoddam, R. (2021). How Trauma Affects the Body. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-addiction-connection/202103/how-trauma-affects-the-body
  26. Kurzweil, R. (2005). The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. Penguin.
  27. Martins, H. (2011). Experimentum Humanum. Relógio de Água.
  28. Mehta, C. (2003). The Philosophy of Trauma. Chir.ag. https://chir.ag/papers/philosophy-trauma.shtml
  29. Mercer, J., Gaillard, J. C., Crowley, K., Shannon, R., Alexander, B., Day, S. & Becker, J. (2012). Culture and Disaster Risk Reduction: Lessons and Opportunities. Environmental Hazards, 11(2), 74-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2011.609876
  30. Merleau-Ponty, M. (2012). Phenomenology of Perception. D. A. Landes (trans.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203720714
  31. Methuselah Foundation. (2023). What We Do? Methuselah Foundation. https://www.mfoundation.org/what-we-do#return-on-mission
  32. Mill, J. S. (2015). On Liberty, Utilitarianism and Other Essays. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199670802.001.0001
  33. More, M. (1996). Transhumanism: Towards a Futurist Philosophy. Substack. https://maxmore.substack.com/i/140018110/transhumanism-toward-a-futurist-philosophy-the-essay
  34. More, M. (1998). The Extropian Principles, v. 3.0. A Transhumanist Declaration. https://mrob.com/pub/religion/extro_prin.html
  35. Pearce, D. (1995). The Hedonistic Imperative. https://www.hedweb.com/.
  36. Pedace, K., Balmaceda, T., Lawler, D., Perez, D., & Zeller, M. (2020). Natural Born Transhumans. Revista de Filosofia Aurora, 32(55), 112-131. https://doi.org/10.7213/1980-5934.32.055.DS07
  37. Philbeck, T. (2014). Ontology. In R. Ranisch & S. Sorgner (eds.), Post- and Transhumanism (pp. 173-183). Peter Lang.
  38. Pinchevski, A. (2023). Social Media’s Canaries: Content Moderators between Digital Labor and Mediated Trauma. Media, Culture & Society, 45(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221122226
  39. QUAKE. Lisbon Earthquake Museum (2024, February 12). The Quake Experience. https://lisbonquake.com/en-GB/the-quake-experience
  40. Sorgner, S. (2022). We Have Always Been Cyborgs: Digital Data, Gene Technologies, and an Ethics of Transhumanism. Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529219203.001.0001
  41. Stein, R. (2019, December 25). A Young Mississippi Woman’s Journey Through a Pioneering Gene-Editing Experiment. NRP. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/12/25/784395525/a-young-mississippi-womans-journey-through-a-pioneering-gene-editing-experiment
  42. Strange, D. & Takarangi, M. (2015). Memory Distortion for Traumatic Events: the Role of Mental Imagery. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6(27), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00027
  43. The Royal Society. (2023, March 6). The lived experience of genetic editing treatment for Sickle Cell disease – Victoria Gray [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ex1hwJBasH0
  44. Tirosh-Samuelson, H. (2012). Transhumanism as a Secularist Faith. Zygon, 47(4), 710-734. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01288.x
  45. VandenBos, G. (2015). APA Dictionary of Psychology. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14646-000
  46. Vita-More, N. (2020). Transhumanist Manifesto [Revised v.4]. https://www.humanityplus.org/the-transhumanist-manifesto
  47. Weiss, M. (2014). Nature. In R. Ranisch & S. Sorgner (eds.), Post- and Transhumanism (pp. 185-200). Peter Lang.
  48. Yehuda, R. & Lehrner, A. (2018). Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma Effects: Putative Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 243-257. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20568